System and method for retrieving and analyzing particles

ABSTRACT

A system and method for isolating and analyzing single cells, including: a substrate having a broad surface; a set of wells defined at the broad surface of the substrate, and a set of channels, defined by the wall, that fluidly couple each well to at least one adjacent well in the set of wells; and fluid delivery module defining an inlet and comprising a plate, removably coupled to the substrate, the plate defining a recessed region fluidly connected to the inlet and facing the broad surface of the substrate, the fluid delivery module comprising a cell capture mode.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/589,507, filed 31 Jan. 2022, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/732,556, filed 2 Jan. 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/530,201, filed 2 Aug. 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/815,532, filed 16 Nov. 2017, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/657,553, filed 24 Jul. 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/333,420, filed 25 Oct. 2016, which is a is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/607,918, filed 28 Jan. 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/557,510, filed 25 Jul. 2012, and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/513,785 filed on 1 Aug. 2011, which are all incorporated in their entirety by this reference.

U.S. application Ser. No. 15/815,532, filed 16 Nov. 2017, is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/720,194, filed 29 Sep. 2017, which is a continuation of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 15/431,977, filed 14 Feb. 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/863,191 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,610,581), filed 23 Sep. 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/208,298 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,174,216), filed 13 Mar. 2014, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/894,150, filed on 22 Oct. 2013, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/829,528, filed on 31 May 2013, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/779,049, filed on 13 Mar. 2013, which are all incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference.

U.S. application Ser. No. 15/815,532, filed 16 Nov. 2017, is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/430,833, filed 13 Feb. 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/199,245, filed 30 Jun. 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/208,458, filed 13 Mar. 2014, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/902,431, filed on 11 Nov. 2013, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/79,090, filed on 13 Mar. 2013, all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference.

U.S. application Ser. No. 15/815,532, filed 16 Nov. 2017, claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/423,322, filed 17 Nov. 2016, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/545,251, filed 14 Aug. 2017, each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.

U.S. application Ser. No. 15/815,532, filed 16 Nov. 2017, is also related to U.S. application Ser. No. 15/442,222, filed 24 Feb. 2017, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates generally to the particle analysis field, and more specifically to a new and useful system and method for retrieving and analyzing particles within the particle analysis field.

BACKGROUND

With an increased interest in cell-specific drug testing, diagnosis, and other assays, systems that allow for individual cell isolation, identification, and retrieval are becoming more desirable within the field of cellular analysis. Furthermore, with the onset of personalized medicine, low-cost, high fidelity cellular analysis systems are becoming highly desirable. However, preexisting cell and other particle capture systems suffer from various shortcomings that prevent widespread adoption for cell-specific testing. For example, flow cytometry requires that the cell be simultaneously identified and sorted, and limits cell observation to the point at which the cell is sorted. Flow cytometry fails to allow for multiple analyses of the same cell within a single flow cytometry workflow, and does not permit arbitrary cell subpopulation sorting. Conventional microfluidic devices typically fail to allow for subsequent cell removal without cell damage, and only capture the cells expressing the specific antigen; non-expressing cells, which could also be desired, are not captured by these systems. Such loss of cell viability can preclude live-cell assays from being performed on sorted or isolated cells. Cellular filters can separate sample components based on size without significant cell damage, but suffer from clogging and do not allow for specific cell identification, isolation of individual cells, and retrieval of identified individual cells. Other technologies in this field are further limited in their ability to allow multiplex assays to be performed on individual cells, while minimizing sample preparation steps and overly expensive instrumentation.

Thus, there is a need in the particle sorting field to create new and useful systems and methods for retrieving and analyzing cells, and the inventions disclosed herein provide such useful systems and methods.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the system.

FIG. 1B is a schematic representation of an example of the system.

FIG. 2 depicts a first and second micrograph of cells extracted using the system.

FIG. 3A depicts specific examples of various aspects of the system.

FIG. 3B is a schematic representation of a variation of a method performed using the system.

FIGS. 4A-4B are perspective views of a first specific example of the system, with and without a particle receptacle, respectively.

FIG. 5A is a first detail view of a region of FIG. 1B.

FIG. 5B is a plan view of a specific example of particle capture substrates and a particle receptacle arranged in the system.

FIGS. 6A-6B are a second and third detail view, respectively, of FIG. 1B.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a second specific example of the system.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart representation of an embodiment of the method.

FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of a first example of the method.

FIG. 10 is a flow chart representation of a second example of the method.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to limit the invention to these preferred embodiments, but rather to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use this invention.

1. System.

As shown in FIG. 1A, a system 100 for retrieving and analyzing a particle of a set of particles preferably includes: a structural frame 10 supporting: a capture stage 110 that positions a particle capture substrate 200 in a capture mode of the system 100; an imaging subsystem 120 operable to image the particle capture substrate 200 (e.g., wherein the imaging subsystem 120 includes an illumination subsystem 122 operable to transmit light toward the capture stage 110 and cooperating with an optical sensor 126 operable to generate an image dataset of contents of the particle capture substrate 200 in the capture mode); a particle retriever subsystem 130 including a pump 132 fluidly coupled to a particle extractor 134; an actuation subsystem 140 including a first unit 141 coupled the capture stage, a second unit 142 coupled to the imaging subsystem, and a third unit 143 coupled to the particle retriever subsystem; a particle receptacle station 150 hosting a particle receptacle 152; and a control subsystem 160 that, based on a position of the particle at the capture substrate identified from the image dataset, generates commands to retrieve the particle and transmit the particle to the particle receptacle 152.

In more detail (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 1B and/or 7 ), an embodiment of the system 100 can include: a structural frame 10 supporting: a capture stage 110 defining a broad face 112 that positions a particle capture substrate 200 having a set of particle capture chambers 210 oriented perpendicular to the broad surface 112 in a capture mode of the system 100, the broad surface 112 including an opening 114 toward a closed surface 220 of the capture substrate 200 in the capture mode; an imaging subsystem 120 including: an illumination subsystem 122 operable to transmit light toward the opening 114, a filter subsystem 124 operable to filter light transmitted between the illumination subsystem 122 and the capture substrate 200 in the capture mode, and an optical sensor 126 cooperating with a focusing and optics subsystem 128 that manipulates light transmitted to the optical sensor 126, the optical sensor 126 operable to generate an image dataset of contents of the set of particle capture chambers 210 in the capture mode; a particle retriever subsystem 130 including a pump 132 fluidly coupled to a particle extractor 134 (e.g., capillary tube) having a capture end 135 facing an open surface 230 of the capture substrate in the capture mode; an actuation subsystem 140 including a first unit 141 coupled to the capture stage, a second unit 142 coupled to the imaging subsystem, and a third unit 143 coupled to the particle retriever subsystem; a particle receptacle station 150 hosting a particle receptacle 152; and a control subsystem 160 that, based on a position of the particle at the capture substrate identified from the image dataset, generates commands for aligning the particle extractor 134 with the position of the particle by the actuation subsystem, controlling pressure provided by the pump of the particle retriever subsystem, and transmitting the particle to the particle receptable, thereby retrieving the particle in single-particle format in the capture mode.

In some variations, the system 100 can include: a display 170 in communication with the control subsystem 160, the display operable to render at least one of: control parameters of the system associated with the control subsystem 160 and images derived from the image dataset; and a containment subsystem 180 (e.g., sterile hood) operable to create a sterile environment for sample handling, the containment subsystem 180 configured about the structural frame 10.

The system preferably functions to provide a portable, sterile environment for retrieval of individual cells (e.g., captured in single-cell format) and/or cell clusters. The system preferably enables automated cell localization and identification (e.g., based on image data, such as fluorescence microscopy data), cell extractor 134 (e.g., capillary tube) alignment and insertion, cell extraction (e.g., by aspiration), and/or extracted cell delivery (e.g., to a specified location of a cell receptacle such as a multi-well plate). However, the system can additionally or alternatively perform any other suitable functions.

In a specific example, with a capillary having a 30 μm inner diameter (or other suitable diameter), the system can achieve a throughput of over 90 particles retrieved in 90 minutes, transferring retrieved single cells in a viable state to downstream containers such as well plates (e.g., 96-well plates, well plates of any other suitable format), tubes (e.g., PCR tubes, conicals, etc.), dishes (e.g., Petri dishes), or any other suitable downstream container. As shown in FIG. 2 , cells (e.g., MCF7 cells) retrieved in single-cell format from the system can be retrieved in a viable state and grown in culture for further analysis. In the specific example, 5-color fluorescence and brightfield imaging subsystems of the system facilitate positioning of the capillary relative to a target particle/cell of interest for retrieval, in coordination with a computing system for image acquisition, control of illumination, and imaging focus. In the specific example, the system can be placed in a sterile hood for sterile operation; however, variations of the system can alternatively have any other suitable dimension(s) in relation to sterile sample processing.

The structural frame 10 preferably functions to support the other elements of the system 100 (e.g., mechanically coupled to the other elements, such as statically coupled and/or coupled via one or more actuator and/or hinged). For example (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1B), the structural frame 10 can include a member supporting some or all of the focusing and optics subsystem 128 (e.g., by way of a second unit 142 of the actuation subsystem 140), a member supporting the remainder of the imaging subsystem 120, a member supporting the capture stage 110 (e.g., by way of a first unit 141 of the actuation subsystem 140) and optionally the particle receptacle station 150, and a member supporting the particle retriever subsystem 130 (e.g., by way of a third unit 143 of the actuation subsystem 140).

In some embodiments, the structural frame member supporting the particle retriever subsystem 130 includes an arm extending between the actuation subsystem third unit 143 and the particle retriever subsystem 130 (e.g., cantilevered from the third unit 143), which preferably retains the particle extractor substantially in alignment with the optical axis. The are is preferably configured to minimize undesired particle extractor motion (e.g., due to vibration), such as limiting such motion to less than a threshold deviation from the desired position (e.g., less than 10, 5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, or 0.1 microns). For example, the arm can have a natural vibrational mode resulting in a vibrational amplitude of less than the threshold deviation, and/or the system can include one or more vibration dampers between the arm and the third unit 143 (e.g., thereby reducing particle extractor vibrational motion). However, undesired particle extractor motion can additionally or alternatively be minimized in any other suitable manner.

In some embodiments, the structural frame 10 includes multiple independent frame modules (e.g., each supporting elements of distinct subsystems) configured to be attached (e.g., reversibly and/or repeatably attached) to each other, such as by mechanical fasteners (e.g., bolts, clips, clamps, etc.). For example (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 4A-4B), the structural frame 10 can include a first module that supports (e.g., houses, encloses, etc.) the imaging subsystem 120 (and second unit 142 of the actuation subsystem 140) and a second module that supports the capture stage, particle retriever subsystem 130, and remaining elements of the actuation subsystem 140 (e.g., wherein the second module has dimensions between 10 and 50 cm on each side, such as 33×41×25 cm).

The structural frame 10 preferably includes (e.g., is made of) one or more rigid materials, such as metal and/or a rigid polymer. The structural frame 10 can optionally enclose (or substantially enclose) all of some of the other elements of the system (e.g., thereby providing mechanical protection for the elements and/or otherwise isolating the elements from their surroundings). For example, the structural frame 10 can form an optical enclosure (e.g., opaque enclosure, such as a full or partial light-tight enclosure) around some or all of the imaging subsystem 120 (e.g., reducing background readings from ambient light). However, the structural frame 10 can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable elements in any other suitable configuration.

1.1 Capture Stage.

The capture stage 110 preferably functions to receive and align one or more particle capture substrates 200 (e.g., cell capture devices) relative to the imaging subsystem 120 (e.g., the illumination module 110, focusing and optics subsystem 128, optical sensor 126, etc.), the particle retriever subsystem 130 (e.g., the cell extractor 134), and/or any other suitable elements of the system 100 (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 6A). Such alignment can enable light-based analyses and/or optically-guided retrieval of captured cells (and/or other particles) of interest within the particle capture substrate 200.

The capture stage 110 preferably defines a broad face 112 coupled to (e.g., retaining, supporting, etc.) one or more particle capture substrates 200. For example, the capture stage 110 can support a plurality of particle capture substrates 200 (e.g., a closed surface 220 of each substrate 200 retained against the broad face 112 by gravity, by one or more fasteners such as spring clips and/or screws pressing upon an open surface 230 of each substrate 200, etc.). The capture stage 110 preferably positions the particle capture substrate 200 such that a broad face of the substrate (e.g., the closed surface 220) is against (e.g., substantially coplanar with) the broad face 112 (e.g., in a capture mode). For example, the substrate 200 can be positioned such that a set of particle capture chambers 210 (e.g., defined in the open surface 230, such as normal the open surface 230 and/or closed surface 220) are oriented perpendicular to the broad surface 112. The capture stage 110 preferably does not impede access to the open surface 230 (e.g., to the chambers 210), but can additionally or alternatively include any suitable elements arranged on and/or near the open surface 230.

The broad face 112 preferably includes one or more openings 114. Each opening 114 can provide optical access (e.g., allow light transmission, enable close proximity of an objective lens, etc.) to the closed surface 220 of a substrate 200. Each opening 114 can be a void defined in the broad face 112, a window of transparent material, and/or can be any other suitable opening 114.

The capture stage 110 can additionally or alternatively support the particle receptacle station 150 (e.g., adjacent the particle capture substrates 200). In one example, the capture stage 110 rigidly couples the particle capture substrates 200 and the particle receptacle station 150, enabling coordinated movement of the capture stage 110 and all the rigidly coupled elements (e.g., by the first unit 141 of the actuation subsystem 140). However, the capture stage 110 can additionally or alternatively support any other suitable elements of the system in any other suitable manner.

The capture stage 110 can optionally include elements as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 15/430,833, filed 13 Feb. 2017 and titled “System for Imaging Captured Cells”, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by this reference (e.g., as described regarding the platform). However, the capture stage 110 can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable elements in any suitable arrangement.

1.2 Imaging Subsystem.

The imaging subsystem 120 preferably includes: an illumination subsystem 122 (e.g., operable to transmit light toward the opening 114), a filter subsystem 124 (e.g., operable to filter light transmitted between the illumination subsystem 122 and the capture substrate 200 in the capture mode), and an optical sensor 126 cooperating with a focusing and optics subsystem 128 that manipulates light transmitted to the optical sensor 126 (e.g., the optical sensor 126 operable to generate an image dataset of contents of the set of particle capture chambers 210 in the capture mode), such as shown in FIG. 6B. The imaging subsystem 120 can include elements such as those described in U.S. application Ser. No. 15/430,833, filed 13 Feb. 2017 and titled “System for Imaging Captured Cells”, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by this reference.

The imaging subsystem 120 preferably includes a microscope (e.g., inverted microscope) such as a fluorescence microscope. In one example, the illumination subsystem 122 includes a bright-field illumination source (e.g., white light source such as one or more white LEDs, narrow-spectrum and/or single wavelength light source, etc.) and/or a fluorescence light source (e.g., wide-spectrum light source, preferably including ultraviolet and/or infrared wavelengths of light), preferably with adjustable intensity; the filter subsystem 124 includes one or more excitation filters, emission filters, and/or dichroic mirrors (e.g., grouped into one or more filter modules, such as aligned groups including a single excitation filter, dichroic mirror, and emission filter); the optical sensor 126 includes a photodiode comprising a photoelectric material configured to convert electromagnetic energy into electrical signals; and the focusing and optics subsystem 128 includes a lens (e.g., objective lens) configured to focus light from the illumination module onto a target object (e.g., particle capture substrate 200, captured cell, capture end 135 of the cell extractor 134, etc.) at the capture stage 110 (and/or a lens configured to focus light from the target object onto the optical sensor). The lens is preferably oriented substantially normal the broad face 112 (e.g., defines an optical axis substantially normal the broad face 112). The lens (and/or other elements of the focusing and optics subsystem 128) is preferably configured to be moved (e.g., translated substantially along the optical axis) by the second unit 142 of the actuation subsystem 140. However, the imaging subsystem 120 can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable elements in any other suitable arrangement.

1.3 Particle Retriever Subsystem.

The particle retriever subsystem 130 preferably functions to extract at least one of a single cell and a cell cluster (and/or any other suitable particles) from a well of the array. While an individual cell from a single well is preferably selectively removed, the particle retriever subsystem 130 can facilitate simultaneous multiple cell/cell cluster removal from the set of wells. The cell/cell cluster is preferably removed by applying a removal force to the cell. The removal force can be applied by capillary force, but can additionally or alternatively be applied by aspirating the contents out of a well (i.e., using a negative pressure). The removal force can additionally or alternatively be applied by pumping fluid through the set of wells (e.g., by way of a perimeter channel) to provide a positive pressure that drives the cell/cell cluster from the well. In one variation, the pump pressure provided by a pump mechanism at the particle retriever subsystem 130 is less than 10,000 Pa, and in a specific variation, the provided pump pressure is 6,000 Pa. However, any other suitable pump or aspiration pressure can be used.

In some variations, the particle retriever subsystem 130 can comprise a cell extractor 134. The cell extractor 134 functions to selectively remove one or more isolated cells from an addressable location within the system 100. The cell extractor 134 is preferably configured to remove a cell/cell cluster from a single well, but can alternatively be configured to simultaneously remove multiple cells/cell clusters from multiple wells. The particle retriever subsystem 130 is preferably operable in an extraction mode, wherein in the extraction mode the particle retriever subsystem 130 extracts at least one of a set of single cells from a well of the set of wells, along a direction normal to the base surface of the well. In the extraction mode, the fluid delivery module is preferably removed from the substrate; however, the fluid delivery module can alternatively remain coupled to the substrate when the cell removal module is operated in the extraction mode.

In a first variation of the cell extractor 134, the cell extractor 134 is configured to access the set of wells from a direction normal to the open surface 220 (e.g., broad surface) of the substrate 200. The cell extractor 134 preferably removes the cell/cell cluster in a substantially normal direction from the open surface 220 of the substrate 200, but can alternatively remove the cell/cell cluster in an angled direction relative to the open surface 220. The cell extractor 134 preferably defines an interior void, such as a hollow channel (e.g., of a micropipette, capillary tube such as a glass capillary tube, etc.), between a capture end 135 and an outlet (e.g., opposing the capture end 135 across the length of the cell extractor 134) that accesses the set of wells and defines a substantially fluidly isolated volume in fluid communication with one or more wells. The void can include one or more sealing elements at the capture end 135 (e.g., a polymeric coating or adequate geometry) that facilitate fluid seal formation with the well(s) 113. The particle retriever subsystem 130 can optionally include a protective member (e.g., polymer sheath) surrounding a portion of the cell extractor 134 (e.g., surrounding most of an exposed length of the extractor 134, wherein the extractor tip emerges from the sheath to avoid sheath interference with the substrate 200 during tip insertion). The cell extractor 134 preferably tapers from a proximal end to the capture end 135 (e.g., tip), in order to provide an adequate geometry to receive contents of a well into the cell extractor 134; however, the cell extractor 134 can alternatively have any other suitable form. As such, the hollow needle is preferably configured to form a substantially fluidly isolated volume within a well of interest, and a low-pressure generator (e.g., a pump) is then used to aspirate the retained cell/cell cluster out of the well, through the hollow channel, and into a cell collection volume of the cell extractor 134. The void preferably defines a micron-scale aperture at the capture end 135, such as an aperture having a characteristic dimension (e.g., diameter, width, inscribed and/or circumscribed circle diameter, etc.) between 1 micron and 500 microns (e.g., between 10 and 100 microns, between 20 and 50 microns, 30 microns, 40 microns, etc.). In one variation, the cell extractor 134 is a micropipette having a height of 200 micrometers and a hollow channel diameter of 25 micrometers; in another variation, the cell extractor 134 is a capillary tube having a channel diameter of 30 micrometers; in a third variation, the cell extractor 134 is a capillary tube having a channel diameter of 150 micrometers. In another variation, the wells of the set of wells are grouped such that each group may be circumscribed by a closed curve in the plane parallel to the broad surface of the substrate, and the cell extractor 134 has an inner diameter that is smaller than the largest chord of the closed curve. In another variation, the inner diameter is smaller than a characteristic dimension (e.g., width, diameter, etc.) of a single well. However, other variations of these specific examples can have any other suitable defining dimensions.

The cell extractor 134 can enable aspiration and/or dispensal of a samples (e.g., particles such as cells, surrounding liquid, etc.) up to a maximum volume (e.g., equal to or less than the volume of the void or a fillable portion thereof). The maximum volume can be a volume between 0.1 and 500 microliters (e.g., between 1 and 50 microliters, such as 5, 10, or 25 microliters). However, the cell extractor 134 can additionally or alternatively accommodate any other suitable sample volume.

The cell extractor 134 can be manufactured using microfabrication techniques, or can additionally or alternatively be injection molded, laser cut, stamped, or manufactured using any other suitable manufacturing technique. In one variation of hollow needle manufacture, a lumen is preferably etched into a substrate, such as silicon, using etching techniques such as deep reactive ion etching (DRIE), plasma etching, or any other suitable etching method. This step is preferably utilized with a mask that covers the portions of the substrate 105 to be protected. The walls and associated profiles are then preferably manufactured through isotropic etching of the substrate 105 utilizing a corrosive liquid or plasma, but any other suitable isotropic material removal method can be used. A mask is preferably used to protect the puncture end. In a second variation, tubes (e.g., glass tubes, plastic tubes, etc.) can be pulled (e.g., by applying controlled heating to the tube end and pulling the tube under controlled tension) to narrow the tube opening to the desired diameter. Multiple hollow needles are preferably simultaneously manufactured as an array 200, but can alternatively be individually manufactured.

The particle retriever subsystem 130 preferably includes a pump 132 configured to alter pressure within the cell extractor void (e.g., within the hollow channel of the capillary tube). The pump 132 is preferably a positive displacement pump, more preferably a syringe pump, but can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable pump(s). For example, the pump 132 can include a piezoelectric actuator, a diaphragm pump, and/or any other suitable pumping mechanisms.

The pump 132 is preferably controlled by a pump actuator 144, more preferably a motorized actuator (e.g., configured to be controlled by they control subsystem 160), such as described below regarding the actuation subsystem 140. However, the pump 132 can additionally or alternatively be controlled directly (e.g., by manual translation of the syringe pump plunger within the syringe pump barrel, such as by pushing or pulling directly on the plunger by hand).

The pump 132 (e.g., a fluid port of the pump, such as an inlet or outlet) is preferably fluidly coupled to the cell extractor 134 (e.g., to the void) by a tube 136, more preferably a flexible tube. A flexible tube can enable independent movement of the cell extractor 134 with respect to the pump 132 (e.g., during actuation of the actuation subsystem third unit 143; such as during alignment, insertion, and/or removal of the capture end 135). The tube 136 preferably includes (e.g., is made of) a polymeric material (e.g., Teflon, Tygon, polyethylene, etc.), but can additionally or alternatively include metal (e.g., steel, copper, etc.) and/or any other suitable materials. To create effective pumping pressure (e.g., for cell extraction), the dead-volume of the tube 136 is preferably minimized, such as a dead-volume less than a threshold maximum volume (e.g., less than 25, 15, 10, 5, 2, 1, or 0.5 microliters). In one example, the dead-volume is reduced by placing a a filler element, such as a wire, inside the tube (e.g., 400 micron diameter wire placed within a tube with a 500 micron inner diameter), thereby occupying a portion of the tubing volume. The tube 136 is preferably a single tube running between the pump 132 and cell extractor 134, but can additionally or alternatively include any suitable fluid manifold and/or other fluidic coupling.

The particle retriever subsystem 130 preferably enables easy removal and/or attachment (e.g., reattachment) of the cell extractor 134 (e.g., capillary tube). This can enable cell extractor cleaning and/or replacement (e.g., of contaminated and/or damaged cell extractors). For example, the cell extractor 134 can be coupled to the tube 136 by a friction fitting (e.g., optionally including hose barbs defined on the cell extractor 134 and/or hose clamps retaining the tube 136 in place on the cell extractor 134). The particle retriever subsystem 130 can include a number of disposable (e.g., one-time use) cell extractors 134, and/or can include one or more cell extractors 134 configured for reuse. However, the particle retriever subsystem 130 can include any other suitable set of cell extractors 134 of any suitable type(s), and/or can include only a single cell extractor 134 (e.g., non-removeable cell extractor).

The particle retriever subsystem 130 can, however, include any other suitable cell removal tool, such as that described in U.S. application Ser. No. 13/557,510, entitled “Cell Capture System and Method of Use” and filed on 25 Jul. 2012, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by this reference.

Cell removal from the system 100 is preferably automated, but can additionally or alternatively be semi-automated or manual. Furthermore, cell removal can be performed along with cell identification, comprising automatic fixing, permeabilization, staining, imaging, and identification of the cells removed from the set of wells through image analysis (e.g., through visual processing with a processor, by using a light detector, etc.) or in any other suitable manner. The particle retriever subsystem 130 can be configured to facilitate advancement of a cell extractor 134 to a well containing a cell/cell cluster of interest, for instance, with an actuation subsystem. The particle retriever subsystem 130 can additionally or alternatively be configured to facilitate cell removal method selection and/or cell removal tool selection. In another variation, cell identification at the particle retriever subsystem 130 can be semi-automated, and cell retrieval can be automated. For example, cell staining and imaging can be done automatically, wherein identification and selection of the cells of interest can be done manually. In another variation, all steps can be performed manually. However, any combination of automated or manual steps can be used.

1.4 Actuation Subsystem.

The actuation subsystem 140 preferably includes a first unit 141 coupled to (e.g., controlling motion of) the capture stage 110, a second unit 142 coupled to (e.g., controlling motion of) the imaging subsystem 120, a third unit 143 coupled to (e.g., controlling motion of) the particle retriever subsystem 130, and a pump actuator 143 coupled to (e.g., controlling pumping action of) the pump 132.

The first unit 141 preferably enables and/or controls lateral motion (e.g., translation along one or more axes substantially parallel the broad face 112) of the capture stage 110 and/or particle receptacle station 150. For example, the first unit 141 can include an X-axis translator (e.g., controlling lateral translation along a long edge of the capture stage 110) and a Y-axis translator (e.g., controlling lateral translation along an axis perpendicular to the X-axis). The first unit 141 can additionally or alternatively enable and/or control translation along an out-of-plane axis (e.g., Z-axis substantially perpendicular the X- and Y-axes, axis substantially normal the broad face 112, axis substantially parallel the optical axis, vertical axis, etc.), lateral rotation (e.g., about the out-of-plane axis), tilt (e.g., rotation about one or more axes substantially parallel the broad face 112, such as the X- and/or Y-axis), and/or any other suitable motion.

The first unit 141 can optionally include an actuator for moving the capture stage 110 and/or particle receptacle station 150 between a particle extraction configuration (e.g., in which the particle capture substrate 200 is aligned with the particle extractor 134 and/or optical axis) and a particle delivery configuration (e.g., in which the particle receptacle station 150 is aligned with the particle extractor 134 and/or optical axis). For example, the capture stage 110 and particle receptacle station 150 (and optionally, other actuators of the first unit 141) can translate along a track and/or rotate about a joint axis (e.g., vertical axis, horizontal axis, etc.) of a cantilever arm to switch between the particle extraction and particle delivery configurations. However, the first unit 141 can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable elements in any other suitable configuration.

The second unit 142 preferably includes a focus actuator enabling and/or controlling imaging subsystem 120 focusing (e.g., by moving the objective lens closer to and/or farther from the imaging target, such as the particle capture substrate 200, its contents, and/or the capture end 135 of the particle extractor). For example, the focus actuator can enable and/or control translation of the objective lens (and/or other optical elements) along the optical axis and/or an axis substantially normal the broad face 112. The focus actuator preferably enables precise control of objective lens movement along the optical axis, such as enabling control to less than a threshold precision (e.g., 10, 50, 75, 100, 150, 400, or 1000 nm). The second unit 142 can optionally include optical element selection actuators, such as rotational and/or translational actuators that move optical elements (e.g., objective lenses, filters, etc.) into and/or out of the optical path. The second unit 142 can additionally or alternatively include lateral translation actuators (e.g., enabling and/or controlling translation of imaging subsystem elements along axes substantially parallel the broad face 112 and/or perpendicular the optical axis), tilt actuators (e.g., enabling and/or controlling rotation of imaging subsystem elements, such as about axes substantially parallel the broad face 112 and/or normal the optical axis), and/or any other suitable actuators.

The third unit 143 preferably includes one or more actuators (e.g., insertion actuator) that enable and/or control out-of-plane motion (e.g., translation along one or more out-of-plane axes not substantially parallel the broad face 112) of the particle extractor 134 (e.g., relative to the capture stage 110 and/or particle receptacle station 150). The out-of-plane axis is preferably an axis substantially normal the broad face 112 and/or the well apertures. However, the out-of-plane axes can additionally or alternatively include a vertical axis, an axis substantially parallel an axis defined by the particle extractor 134 (e.g., defined by the void, such as a central axis of the capillary tube), an axis substantially parallel the optical axis, and/or any other suitable axes. For example, the insertion actuator can control insertion (and/or removal) of the capture end 135 into the substrate 200 (e.g., into the target well; on top of the target well, such as with the capture end 135 in contact with the top surface of the well; etc.), thereby enabling extraction of the well contents (e.g., cell and/or cell cluster, such as a cell captured in single-cell format). The insertion actuator preferably enables precise control of particle extractor motion along the out-of-plane axis (e.g., optical axis), such as enabling control to less than a threshold precision (e.g., 10, 50, 75, 100, 150, 400, or 1000 nm). The insertion actuator can additionally or alternatively be configured to use force sensing and/or stalling of the actuator motor (e.g., to allow precise positioning of the capture end 135 on top of a nanowell).

The third unit 143 can additionally or alternatively include one or more lateral translation actuators. The lateral translation actuators preferably enable and/or control extractor 134 translation along one or more axes substantially parallel the broad face 112 (e.g., the X- and Y-axes) and/or substantially perpendicular the out-of-plane actuator axis. The lateral translation actuators can enable lateral alignment of the particle extractor 134, such as alignment with the optical axis, the target well, a particle receptacle 152 and/or portion thereof (e.g., target well of a multi-well plate), and/or any other suitable element of the system. The third unit 143 can optionally include one or more tilt actuators, which can enable and/or control rotation of the extractor 134 about one or more axes (e.g., lateral axes such as axes substantially parallel the X- and Y-axes). The tilt actuators can enable angular alignment of the particle extractor 134, can enable extraction of particles from wells with different orientations (e.g., including orientations requiring insertion at oblique angles to the broad face 112), and/or can perform any other suitable function.

The third unit 143 can additionally or alternatively include an actuator (e.g., analogous to the actuator described above regarding the first unit 141) for moving the extractor 134 between the particle extraction configuration (e.g., in which the particle extractor 134 is aligned with the particle capture substrate 200 and/or optical axis) and a particle delivery configuration (e.g., in which the particle extractor 134 is aligned with the particle receptacle station 150). For example, the extractor 134 (and optionally, other actuators of the third unit 143, the pump 132 and/or pump actuator 144, and/or any other suitable elements of the system) can translate along a track and/or rotate about a joint axis (e.g., vertical axis, horizontal axis, etc.) of a cantilever arm to switch between the particle extraction and particle delivery configurations. However, the third unit 143 can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable elements in any other suitable configuration.

The actuators of the third unit 143 preferably control motion of the particle extractor 134 but not of the pump 132 (e.g., wherein the extractor 134 is mechanically coupled to the pump 132 by the actuators). However, all or some of the actuators of the third unit 143 can optionally control motion of the pump 132 (e.g., moving the pump 132 and extractor 134 together).

The pump actuator 144 preferably functions to control pumping action (e.g., pressure differential, pumped volume, etc.) of the pump 132. The pump actuator 144 can be used to control aspiration and/or delivery of cell extractor contents (e.g., thereby enabling extraction of particles, such as cells, from the substrate 200 and/or delivery of the extracted particles to the particle receptacle 152). In one example, the particle retriever subsystem 130 can include a linear actuator coupled to the plunger of the syringe pump and configured to translate the plunger within the barrel of the syringe pump (e.g, substantially along a central axis defined by the barrel). The pump actuator 144 (e.g., plunger linear actuator) is preferably controlled by a motor, but can additionally or alternatively be manually actuated (e.g., by a knob) and/or controlled in any other suitable manner. In a second example, the pump actuator 144 includes a piezoelectric actuator (e.g., configured to perform pumping, such as by altering an internal volume of a positive displacement pump) configured to be controlled by electrical control signals (e.g., from the control subsystem 160). However, the actuation subsystem 140 can include any other suitable pump actuators 144 of any other suitable type, which can be controlled (e.g., manually, automatically, such as by the control subsystem 160, etc.) in any suitable manner.

All or some of the actuators preferably enable precise (e.g., sub-micron) control of system element movement. For example, the actuators can include micrometer heads and/or precision drives for precise manual and/or motorized motion control. However, the actuators can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable actuators with any suitable precision. All or some of the actuators can optionally include position detectors such as encoders (e.g., optical, magnetic, etc.; linear, rotary, etc.; absolute, relative, etc.), limit switches, and/or any other suitable position detectors. The position detectors are preferably configured to sample position data and to communicate the position data to other elements of the system (e.g., to the control subsystem 160, to servomotors, etc.). All or some of the actuators can include motors (e.g., stepper motors, servomotors, etc.) and/or any other suitable mechanisms to enable automated control of the actuators (e.g., by the control subsystem 160).

In some variations, the actuation subsystem 140 (e.g., enabling control of capture stage movement, imaging subsystem movement, particle retriever subsystem movement, and/or movement of any other suitable elements of the system) includes elements (and/or enables control) such as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 15/430,833, filed 13 Feb. 2017 and titled “System for Imaging Captured Cells”, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by this reference (e.g., as described regarding the platform, focusing and optics module, and/or any other suitable elements). For example, the first unit 141 can include actuators such as described regarding the platform, the second unit 142 can include actuators such as described regarding the focusing and optics module, and the third unit 143 and/or pump actuator 144 can include actuators analogous to those described regarding the actuators of the platform and/or focusing and optics module. However, the actuation subsystem 140 can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable actuators.

In some variations, all or some actuators of the actuation subsystem 140 can be configured to be controlled (e.g., be automatically controlled) by the control subsystem 160. For example, the control subsystem 160 can automatically control the first unit 141 (e.g., in order to facilitate automated functions including autofocusing of objects of interest, self-calibration, captured cell and/or particle receptacle alignment with the particle extractor 134, cell capture device interrogation, cell capture device agitation, etc.), second unit 142 (e.g., in order to facilitate automated functions including autofocusing of objects of interest, self-calibration, magnification selection, filter selection, field of view selection, etc.), third unit 143 (e.g., in order to facilitate automated functions including captured cell and/or particle receptacle alignment with the particle extractor 134, particle extractor insertion and/or withdrawal, etc.), pump actuator 144 (e.g., in order to facilitate automated functions including aspiration and/or delivery of fluid within the particle extractor 134, particle extractor priming and/or cleaning, etc.), and/or any other suitable elements of the actuation subsystem 140. However, all or some actuators can additionally or alternatively be semi-automatically controlled and/or manually controlled, such that a user or other entity can manipulate the capture stage 110 in some manner (e.g., using knobs, dials, and/or micrometer heads mechanically coupled to the capture stage 110).

1.5 Particle Receptacle Station.

The particle receptacle station 150 preferably functions to receive and retain one or more particle receptacles 152, and can optionally align the particle receptacles 152 relative to the the particle retriever subsystem 130 (e.g., the cell extractor 134), capture stage 110, imaging subsystem 120 (e.g., the illumination module 110, focusing and optics subsystem 128, optical sensor 126, etc.), and/or any other suitable elements of the system 100. For example, the particle receptacle station 150 can support one or more particle receptacles 152 (e.g., retained against the station 150 by gravity and/or by one or more fasteners such as spring clips and/or screws pressing upon each receptacle 152; retained within the station 150 by an inward force exerted along sidewalls of the receptacle 152, such as a compressive force from a friction fit within a rubberized receptacle and/or any other suitable element of the station 150; etc.). The particle receptacles 152 can include tubes (e.g., conical tubes, standard PCR tubes, etc.), multi-well plates (e.g., 96 well plates), Petri dishes, and/or any other suitable receptacles (e.g., receptacles configured to receive and/or contain cells and/or other particles). However, the particle receptacle station 150 can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable elements in any other suitable arrangement.

The particle receptacle station 150 can be rigidly coupled to the capture stage 110 (e.g., as described above), rigidly coupled to the structural frame 10, actuatably coupled (e.g., by one or more actuators of the actuation subsystem 140, such as by the actuators of the first, second, and/or third units, and/or by other actuators enabling independent motion of the particle receptacle station 150) to the structural frame 10 and/or any other suitable element of the system, and/or can be arranged within the system in any other suitable manner.

1.6 Control Subsystem.

The control subsystem 160 preferably functions to control system operation, such as enabling implementation (e.g., automated and/or semi-automated execution) of the methods 300 described below.

The control subsystem 160 can include one or more: processors (e.g., CPU, GPU, microprocessor, etc.), memory and/or data storage modules (e.g., Flash, RAM, hard disk drive, etc.), and/or any other suitable components. The processing system is preferably mounted to the structural frame 10, but can alternatively be mounted to any other suitable component, and/or can be mechanically separate from the other elements of the system 100 (e.g., can be connected to the system by a data connector, can communicate wirelessly with other components of the system, etc.).

The control subsystem 160 is preferably configured to communicate with and/or control other system elements, such as the imaging subsystem 120 and/or actuation subsystem 140. For example, the control subsystem 160 can be coupled (e.g., electrically coupled; otherwise coupled by a coupling capable of transmitting power, control signals, and/or data; etc.) to the optical sensor 126 (enabling activation of the optical sensor 126 and/or receipt of data, such as image data, from the optical sensor 126) and to one or more actuators of the actuation subsystem 140 (e.g., enabling control of the actuators and/or receipt of data, such as position data, from the actuation subsystem 140 position sensors). However, the control subsystem 160 can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable components, be connected to any other suitable elements of the system, and/or perform any other suitable functions.

1.7 Display.

The system 100 can optionally include a display 170. The display 170 is preferably configured to communicate with the control subsystem 160 (e.g., coupled to the control subsystem 160 by a data connection, such as a video data cable; configured to wirelessly receive information from the control subsystem 160; etc.). The display 170 is preferably configured to display one or more of: control parameters of the system associated with the control subsystem 160 and images derived from the image dataset. For example, the display can show images (e.g., near-real time image streams, such as live videos; previously captured images; etc.) captured by the imaging subsystem 120 and/or derivatives thereof, control parameters and/or other information related to system operation (e.g., presented as overlays on the images, presented separate from and/or in place of images, etc.), and/or any other suitable information. The control parameters (e.g., information) presented on the screen (e.g., presented in overlays) can include: positions of system elements (e.g., coordinates, visual indications within and/or outside the image field of view, etc.); current and/or planned motion of system elements; cell identifications such as selected/non-selected cells, cell types (e.g., determined based on fluorescence microscopy data), etc.; target wells for cell retrieval (e.g., from wells of the substrate 200) and/or reception (e.g., at wells of the receptacle 152); retrieval process steps and/or status (e.g., “calibrating”, “priming”, “identifying cells”, “retrieving cell 21 of 40”, “washing capillary tube”, etc.); and/or any other suitable information. However, the display 170 can additionally or alternatively perform any other suitable function.

1.8 Containment Subsystem.

The containment subsystem 180 preferably functions to create a sterile environment for sample handling (e.g., isolating the system contents, such as the contents of the substrate 200 and/or receptacle 152, from an ambient environment surrounding the containment subsystem 180). In a first embodiment, the containment subsystem 180 is a sterile hood (e.g., biological safety cabinet), wherein the other elements of the system 100 (e.g., the structural frame 10 and attached subsystems) fit within the sterile hood. In this embodiment, the structural frame 10 preferably has dimensions sufficiently small to enable facile placement in (and optionally, removal from) a biological safety cabinet (e.g., less than 10 inches tall×24 inches wide×30 inches deep), but can alternatively have any other suitable dimensions. In a second embodiment, the containment subsystem 180 envelopes the structural frame 10 and attached components (e.g., is attached directly to the exterior of the structural frame 10. In one example (e.g., as shown in FIG. XX), the containment subsystem 180 includes a hinged cover operable between a closed configuration, in which some or all elements of the system (e.g., the capture stage 110 and particle retriever subsystem 130) are enclosed by the cover, and an open configuration which enables user access to the otherwise-enclosed components (e.g., to enable placement and/or removal of system elements, such as particle capture substrates 200, particle extractors 134, etc.). However, the containment subsystem 180 can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable components in any suitable arrangement.

1.9 Particle Capture Substrate.

The particle capture substrate 200 preferably defines a closed surface 220 (e.g., bottom surface) and an open surface 230 (e.g., top surface). The surfaces are preferably broad faces opposing each other (e.g., substantially parallel each other) across the substrate body. The open surface 230 preferably defines a plane, such as a substrate top plane. The substrate 200 preferably defines a set of wells within the substrate body, each well of the set defining: an aperture (e.g., at the plane); a base arranged within the substrate body (e.g., between the aperture and the closed surface 220); and a wall extending from the aperture to the base. Further, the substrate 200 can define a plurality of channels within the substrate body, wherein some or all of the wells are fluidly coupled to one or more adjacent wells one or more of the channels. During cell extractor aspiration at a target well (e.g., during extraction of a cell captured in the target well), these channels can facilitate fluid flow (e.g., convective currents) from adjacent wells, through the target well, and into the cell extractor. This fluid flow can enable, facilitate, and/or urge the captured cell into the cell extractor. In a specific example, the particle capture substrate 200 defines a hexagonal array (e.g., close-packed array) of hexagonal wells with micron-scale width (e.g., 1-100 microns, such as 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, or 60 microns). In this specific example, the wells are subdivided into hexagonal groups of seven wells, wherein the wells of each hexagonal group are fluidly connected by channels, and the inter-group walls separating adjacent hexagonal groups do not allow fluid communication between the hexagonal groups (e.g., do not define channels).

Embodiments, variations, and examples of the particle capture substrate 200 are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 13/557,510 titled “Cell Capture System and Method of Use” and filed on 25 Jul. 2012, U.S. application Ser. No. 14/289,155 titled “System and Method for Isolating and Analyzing Cells” and filed on 28 May 2014, and U.S. application Ser. No. 15/422,222 titled “System and Method for Isolating and Analyzing Cells” and filed on 24 Feb. 2017, which are each incorporated in their entireties by this reference. However, the particle capture substrate 200 can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable elements in any suitable arrangement.

As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the system 100 can optionally function within (and/or complementary to) a platform for capturing particles from a sample in single-particle format, wherein the platform includes a sample preparation portion operable to process a sample containing a set of particles of interest, and to transmit the processed sample through a particle capture substrate 200 (e.g. microfluidic chip, cell capture substrate, etc.) for capturing the set of particles in single-particle format (and/or in particle clusters). The particles (e.g., cells) can then be retrieved in single-cell format in a viable state for further processing and/or analysis (e.g., in relation to diagnostic applications). In a first embodiment, the system 100 and particle capture platform are integrated (e.g., share a common stage for retaining the particle capture substrate 200), wherein the particle capture substrate 200 remains in place in the particle capture platform during both processed sample transmission and subsequent particle retrieval. In a second embodiment, following processed sample transmission, the particle capture substrate 200 can be removed from the particle capture platform and placed in the capture stage 110 for particle retrieval. However, the system 100 and particle capture platform can additionally or alternatively have any other suitable relationship.

Embodiments, variations, and examples of the sample preparation portion are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 14/208,298 titled “System and Method for Capturing and Analyzing Cells” and filed on 13 Mar. 2014, U.S. application Ser. No. 15/074,054 titled titled “System and Method for Capturing and Analyzing Cells” and filed on 18 Mar. 2016, and U.S. application Ser. No. 14/208,458 titled “System for Imaging Captured Cells” and filed on 13 Mar. 2014, which are each incorporated in their entireties by this reference. However, the system 100 can additionally or alternatively cooperate with any other suitable platform or platform components.

2. Method.

A method 300 of captured particle retrieval preferably includes imaging captured particles (e.g., captured within a particle capture substrate 200), selecting captured particles, extracting the selected particles, and delivering the extracted particles (e.g., as shown in FIG. 8 ). The particles are preferably cells (e.g., live cells), but can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable particles. The method 300 is preferably implemented using the system 100 (and/or particle capture platform) described above, but can additionally or alternatively be implemented using any other suitable mechanisms.

The captured particles are preferably imaged by the imaging subsystem 120 (e.g., using bright-field microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, etc.). Particles are preferably selected (e.g., by the control subsystem 160, by a user, etc.) based on the imaging (e.g., selecting a particular type of cell, wherein the cell type is determined based on fluorescence microscopy). Particle extraction is preferably performed by the particle retriever subsystem 130, more preferably based on image data sampled by the imaging subsystem 120 (e.g., live video showing capture end 135 position relative to the selected cell), which can enable, for example, alignment of the particle extractor 134 over a target well and controlled insertion of the capture end 135 (e.g., into the target well; placement on top of the target well, such as with the capture end 135 in contact with the top surface of the walls defining the target well; etc.). Particle extraction is preferably performed by actuating the pump 132 (e.g., to reduce pressure within the particle extractor, thereby causing aspiration) while the capture end 135 is inserted (e.g., into the target well, on top of the target well, etc.). After extraction, the particle extractor 134 is preferably repositioned at a target region (e.g., target well) of a particle receptacle 152, at which point particle delivery can be achieved by actuating the pump 132 (e.g., to increase pressure within the particle extractor, thereby expelling its contents).

The control subsystem 160 preferably enables automated (and/or semi-automated) performance of the method 300 (and/or elements thereof). For example, the control subsystem 160 can be configured to perform (e.g., based on image data received from the imaging subsystem 120): automated focusing (e.g., by moving the objective lens) on imaging targets such as wells, captured particles, and/or particle extractor capture ends (e.g., capillary tip); automated identification of target cells (e.g., based on fluorescence criteria); automated detection and lateral translation of the capture end (e.g., aligning the capture end with a target well that contains a target cell, aligning the capture end with a destination region of a particle receptacle, etc.); automated placement of the capture end in contact with (e.g., on top of, inserted into, etc.) the target well (e.g., avoiding crashes which can damage the capillary tip, rendering it inoperable to extract cells); automated pump actuation (e.g., to effect aspiration and/or cell ejection); and/or any other suitable elements of the method.

Placing the capture end in contact with the target well can include, for example: focusing on a reference element of the capture substrate, preferably an element of the target well (e.g., top surface of the well); focusing on the particle extractor (e.g., on the capture end, such as the capillary tip); determining a relative distance between the reference element and the particle extractor (e.g., based on the objective lens motion required to switch focus between them); and moving the particle extractor based on the relative distance (e.g., moving toward the target well by an amount equal to the distance, moving by an amount less than the distance, etc.). In one example, focus can be adjusted (e.g., to follow the capture end movement, to switch back and forth between the reference element and the capture end, etc.) during and/or between capture end movement (e.g., repeatedly), and the relative distance determination can be updated accordingly. However, placing the capture end in contact with the target well can additionally or alternatively be performed using any other suitable techniques (e.g., insertion actuator force sensing and/or stalling).

The system 100 can additionally or alternatively support methods (e.g., cell capture, imaging, and/or analysis methods) such as those described in U.S. application Ser. No. 15/362,565, titled “System and Method for Capturing and Analyzing Cells” and filed 28 Nov. 2016, U.S. application Ser. No. 14/208,298 titled “System and Method for Capturing and Analyzing Cells” and filed on 13 Mar. 2014, U.S. application Ser. No. 15/074,054 titled titled “System and Method for Capturing and Analyzing Cells” and filed on 18 Mar. 2016, and/or U.S. application Ser. No. 14/208,458 titled “System for Imaging Captured Cells” and filed on 13 Mar. 2014, which are each incorporated in their entireties by this reference, and/or in any other suitable manner. For example, the method 300 can include capturing particles (e.g., capturing live cells in single-cell format) within wells of a particle capture substrate 200, prior to particle imaging, selection, extraction, and delivery (e.g., as shown in FIG. 9 ). However, the method 300 can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable elements performed in any other suitable manner.

In one embodiment (e.g., as shown in FIG. 10 ), the method 300 includes: capturing live cells (e.g., in single-cell and/or single-cluster format) in a particle capture substrate 200; maintaining the cells in a viable format (e.g., for multiple days, weeks, etc.); imaging the cells; processing the cells; re-imaging the cells after processing; selecting cells based on the imaging data (e.g., initial imaging and/or re-imaging); extracting the selected cells and delivering the extracted cells to a particle receptacle (e.g., using the system 100 as described above) such as a 96 well plate or a second particle capture substrate; maintaining and/or growing the cells (e.g., culturing the cells) for an extended time period (e.g., days, weeks, etc.); and/or imaging and/or monitoring the extracted cells (e.g., during culturing). In a first example, processing the cells includes treating all captured cells with a set of reagents (e.g., CRISPR reagents). In a second example, processing the cells includes: selecting cells (e.g., a subset of the cells), such as based on the imaging data; and delivering reagents to the selected cells (e.g., the same set of reagents for each selected cell, different sets of reagents for different cells, etc.). In this example, the reagents can be delivered using the particle retriever subsystem (e.g., using the cell extractor; using a different reagent delivery element attached to the particle retriever subsystem, such as in place of the cell extractor; etc.) and/or any other suitable targeted delivery mechanism. For example, the reagent can be delivered using a thinner capillary tube (e.g, thin enough to fit inside the target well, thin enough to penetrate the captured cell, etc.) attached to the particle retriever subsystem, and can optionally include inserting the capillary tube into the target well and/or the captured cell for reagent delivery (e.g., delivering CRISPR reagents directly into the cytosol of the target cell). However, the method 300 can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable elements.

The system 100 and method 300 of the preferred embodiment and variations thereof can be embodied and/or implemented at least in part as a machine configured to receive a computer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions. The instructions are preferably executed by computer-executable components preferably integrated with the system and one or more portions of a processor and/or a controller. The computer-readable medium can be stored on any suitable computer-readable media such as RAMs, ROMs, flash memory, EEPROMs, optical devices (CD or DVD), hard drives, floppy drives, or any suitable device. The computer-executable component is preferably a general or application specific processor, but any suitable dedicated hardware or hardware/firmware combination device can alternatively or additionally execute the instructions.

The FIGURES illustrate the architecture, functionality and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to preferred embodiments, example configurations, and variations thereof. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block can occur out of the order noted in the FIGURES. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.

As a person skilled in the art will recognize from the previous detailed description and from the figures and claims, modifications and changes can be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention without departing from the scope of this invention defined in the following claims. 

We claim:
 1. A system for material processing at a substrate comprising a set of wells distributed across a face of the substrate, the system comprising: an aspiration and delivery subsystem comprising: a tip comprising an interior void and an aperture into the interior void, and a positioning device comprising an actuator and controlling motion of the aperture of the tip with respect to one or more wells of the set of wells of the substrate; an imaging subsystem comprising: a light source, an optical sensor, and an optical pathway from the light source to the substrate and from the substrate to the optical sensor; and a processor in communication with the aspiration and delivery subsystem and the imaging subsystem, wherein the processor comprises a non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by the processor cause: the imaging subsystem to generate an image dataset of contents of the substrate, the processor to generate an analysis characterizing a location of a target at the substrate, and the aspiration and delivery subsystem to, responsive to the analysis, optically guide movement of the tip toward the target for at least one of an aspiration operation and a delivery operation.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the aperture has a diameter from 1 micron to 500 microns.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the imaging subsystem comprises a brightfield imaging subsystem and a fluorescence imaging subsystem, and wherein the fluorescence imaging subsystem is structured for 5-color fluorescence imaging.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the tip is a capillary tube.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the target comprises at least one of a single cell and a cell cluster.
 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising a stage supporting the substrate and aligning the substrate with the imaging subsystem.
 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a sterile hood surrounding the aspiration and delivery subsystem.
 8. A method for material processing at a substrate comprising a set of wells distributed across a face of the substrate, the method comprising: capturing a set of targets at the substrate; aligning the substrate with an aspiration and delivery subsystem and an imaging subsystem; with the imaging subsystem, generating an image dataset of contents of the substrate; generating an analysis characterizing a location of a target of the set of targets at the substrate; responsive to the analysis, optically guiding movement of a tip of the aspiration and delivery subsystem toward the target; and performing an aspiration operation with the tip of the aspiration and delivery subsystem to retrieve the target.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising performing a delivery operation with the tip, to transfer the target to a receptacle, wherein performing the delivery operation comprises actuating a pump of the the aspiration and delivery subsystem to eject the target into the receptacle.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the target comprises at least one of a single cell and a cell cluster.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising transferring at least one of the single cell and the cell cluster to a receptacle in a viable state.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein optically guiding movement of the tip comprises: focusing on a reference element of the substrate, determining a relative distance between the reference element and the tip, and moving the tip with an actuator of the aspiration and delivery subsystem based on the relative distance, in coordination with updating of the relative distance during movement of the tip.
 13. The method of claim 8, wherein generating an image dataset of contents of the substrate comprises performing fluorescence imaging of the set of targets at the substrate.
 14. The method of claim 8, wherein generating an image dataset of contents of the substrate comprises performing brightfield imaging of the set of targets at the substrate.
 15. The method of claim 8, wherein the target comprises a circulating tumor cell (CTC).
 16. The method of claim 8, further comprising providing a sterile hood surrounding the aspiration and delivery subsystem.
 17. The method of claim 8, wherein performing the aspiration operation comprises application of a removal force, and wherein the removal force comprises at least one of a capillary force and a negative pressure-induced force for extraction of the target from the substrate.
 18. The method of claim 8, wherein the set of wells comprises an array of microwells, each having a width from 1 to 100 microns.
 19. The method of claim 8, wherein tip of the aspiration and delivery subsystem comprises a capillary tube, an interior void, and an aperture into the interior void, and wherein the aspiration and delivery subsystem further comprises a positioning device comprising an actuator for controlling motion of the aperture of the tip with respect to one or more wells of the set of wells of the substrate;
 20. The method of claim 8, wherein the imaging subsystem comprises: a light source, an optical sensor, and an optical pathway from the light source to the substrate and from the substrate to the optical sensor. 